Webinars

Introduction to Data Equity

May 13, 2024, 3:00-4:30 Eastern/2:00-3:30 Central/1:00-2:30 Mountain/12:00-1:30 Pacific

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This webinar will get you up to speed on the core issues facing the equitable and ethical use of quantitative data and provide you with a clear picture of the challenging landscape of turning complex human questions into numbers and then back into meaning (without totally screwing people over in the process!).

In this session, we’ll use practical and concrete examples to explore:

  • The compelling case for why data projects are not objective (and why that’s a good thing!);
  • How the kinds of choice points we face when working with quantitative data give us the opportunity to embed equity in our work;
  • Why we all need a cohesive system for identifying and addressing equity issues in data,
  • An introduction to a practical, concrete approach to this crucial issue: The Data Equity Framework.

Participants will be given a summary document with key concepts and talking points, which many people find extremely useful in discussing data equity with colleagues, clients, bosses, boards, and policymakers.

This session will be recorded, and the recording and any resources shared will be available on this webpage within two business days of the webinar.

This session is part of the 12 Months to Better Library Data Webinar Series, made possible by funding from the Mellon Foundation.

Instructor:

Heather Krause
Founder, We All Count

Heather Krause, PStat, is a data scientist and the founder of We All Count, a project for equity in data. We All Count works with teams across the globe to embed a lens of equity into their data products. Heather is a data scientist with over 20 years of experience building tools that improve practices and systems. Her cutting-edge approach to project design, data collection, analysis, reporting and visualization have placed her in high demand as a project lead, a crisis consultant and a speaker on the subject of data equity.

Outcomes and Beyond: A 3-Step Approach to Evaluating Program Success

April 16, 2024, 12:00-1:30 Eastern/11:00-12:30 Central/10:00-11:30 Mountain/9:00-10:30 Pacific

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You put a lot of effort into developing public-facing programs for your community, but how do you know whether these programs are successful?

In this session, you will learn a 3-step process for evaluating public-facing programs. First, you will learn to specify what “success” looks like for a sample library program. This often reflects the desired outcomes of the program (outcomes are changes in participants’ knowledge, skills, attitude, behavior, condition, or life status). You will also learn how to consider additional dimensions of success, such as equity, relevance, sustainability, and more, so that you can capture a more complete picture of the program’s success.

Second, you will learn to develop a logic model that depicts the relationship between the resources invested in the sample program, program attendance and other outputs, and the desired outcomes. The logic model will help you determine whether all of the necessary components are in place to achieve success.

Third, you will learn how to create a plan to measure the multiple dimensions of success that are relevant for the sample program and the types of data you need to collect to measure success.

You will leave the webinar with the knowledge needed to apply these concepts to your own public-facing programs and services.

This is NOT a webinar where you listen to a talking head the whole time; instead, please come ready to participate in a variety of interactive learning activities.

To get the most out of this session, please plan to watch the recording of the “Begin With A Strong Foundation: Developing a Data Plan” webinar, which occurred on March 7, 2024, prior to attending this webinar.

This session will be recorded, and the recording, slides, and any resources shared will be available on this webpage within two business days of the webinar.

This session is part of the 12 Months to Better Library Data Webinar Series, made possible by funding from the Mellon Foundation.

Instructors:

Rebecca Teasdale
Principal, Rebecca Teasdale & Associates

Rebecca Teasdale is principal of Rebecca Teasdale & Associates and an assistant professor of educational psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. As a librarian, Rebecca held leadership positions in urban and suburban public libraries. She now helps libraries build their capacity to evaluate their offerings and make evidence-based decisions regarding programs, services, collections, and staffing. Rebecca has evaluated projects in libraries, museums, afterschool programs, and universities, as well as professional development initiatives in the US and internationally. She was a founding member of the Project Outcome Task Force and currently directs Embedding Evaluation in Libraries, a team-based training and coaching program for public library staff. She holds an MA in library and information science and a PhD in educational psychology with specialization in evaluation methodology.

Linda Hofschire
Consultant

Linda Hofschire has more than 25 years of experience conducting social science research and evaluation and providing training in-person and online. She directs the Research Institute for Public Libraries (RIPL), an initiative to provide data and evaluation training for library staff. She also works as a library evaluation and training consultant. Linda was named a Library Journal Mover & Shaker in 2017. She has an MA and PhD in Mass Media from Michigan State University, and an MLIS from the University of Illinois. She is passionate about making data accessible and meaningful to users.

 

Begin With a Strong Foundation: Developing a Data Plan


This webinar occurred on March 7, 2024

Webinar Handouts

Dimensions of Success Resources

Teasdale, R. M. (2021). Evaluative criteria: An integrated model of domains and sources. American Journal of Evaluation 42(3), 354-376.

Teasdale, R. M., Pitts, R. T., Gates, E. F., & Shim, C. (2023). Teaching specification of evaluative criteria: A guide for evaluation education. New Directions for Evaluation 2023 (117), 31-37.

To learn more about the dimensions of success and how to measure them, please join us for the upcoming webinar on April 16, Outcomes and Beyond: A 3-Step Approach to Evaluating Program Success.

Resources for Measuring Equity

Webinar Description

When embarking on data-informed work, it can be easy to jump straight to data collection, such as administering a survey to determine the effectiveness of a program or pulling a few years of ILS data to analyze eBook circulation trends. However, what if you began by taking a step back and developing a data plan that incorporates the purposes for and context of your work? In this session, you will learn how to develop a data plan by:

  • Determining your priorities
  • Considering Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) implications
  • Defining success
  • Incorporating stakeholders’ viewpoints

You will leave this session with a greater recognition of the benefits of planning for data-informed work as well as practical tips for developing a data plan.

This is NOT a webinar where you listen to a talking head the whole time; instead, please come ready to participate in a variety of interactive learning activities, some of which will occur in small groups in breakout rooms.

This session will be recorded, and the recording, slides, and any resources shared will be available on this webpage within two business days of the webinar.

This session is part of the 12 Months to Better Library Data Webinar Series, made possible by funding from the Mellon Foundation.

Instructors

Katina Jones
Program Manager for Evaluation and Assessment, Public Library Association

Katina Jones is the Program Manager for Evaluation and Assessment at the Public Library Association. As a member of PLA’s Data Team, she supports the division’s data and research efforts through collecting and analyzing timely library data via Project Outcome and Benchmark for use by the field in service to their communities. Prior to PLA, Katina was the Statistical Research Analyst at Mid-Continent Public Library, where she worked to support their data-driven decision making through two strategic plans and a capital improvements campaign. Ms. Jones started her library career as the State Data Coordinator at the Missouri State Library, working with the IMLS and Census Bureau to collect and distribute statistics for the state. Katina received her bachelor’s degree in Applied Psychology and Social Science from Alverno College in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

 

Zeth Lietzau
Director, Central, Collections, Technology, and Strategy, Denver Public Library

Zeth Lietzau is the Director of Central, Collections, Technology, and Strategy at the Denver Public Library. Previously he worked at DPL as the Manager of Digital User Experience and the Community Technology Center. He also served as Associate Director at the Library Research Service and consistently uses the skills he learned there to make data-based decisions.

 

Sharon Morris
Public Library Leadership Consultant, Colorado State Library

Sharon Morris is currently serving as Public Library Leadership Consultant at the Colorado State Library. In her 30+ years in libraries and academia, Sharon has conducted focus groups, community meetings, usability testing, surveys, and needs assessments. She earned a Doctorate in Managerial Leadership in Libraries from Simmons College and holds an MLIS from Emporia State. Sharon has been an instructor for RIPL since 2015 and conducts workshops and leadership programs for libraries throughout the country.

 

Linda Hofschire
Consultant

Linda Hofschire has more than 25 years of experience conducting social science research and evaluation and providing training in-person and online. She directs the Research Institute for Public Libraries (RIPL), an initiative to provide data and evaluation training for library staff. She also works as a library evaluation and training consultant. Linda was named a Library Journal Mover & Shaker in 2017. She has an MA and PhD in Mass Media from Michigan State University, and an MLIS from the University of Illinois. She is passionate about making data accessible and meaningful to users.

Libraries Build Pathways to Wellbeing

Webinar archive

Slides

Resources:

Strengthening Networks, Sparking Change: Museums and Libraries as Community Catalysts

Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach [book]

Rural Library Service & Social Wellbeing Project (including beta-tools and research links)

Rural Library Service & Social Wellbeing Project data and methods repository on Open Science Framework

Q & A from chat (Margo’s responses to the questions she didn’t have time to answer during the session)

Presenter: Margo Gustina, Project Lead: Rural Library Service & Social Wellbeing Project, Southern Tier Library System (NY)

Through mixed methods research, the Rural Library Service & Social Wellbeing project found that a) public libraries are a component of social wellbeing outcomes in rural communities, and b) there are ways libraries provide service that influence outcomes. In this webinar you’ll hear about the design and outcomes of our research, the Evidence-Based No Rules Tools under development, and how qualitative data coding made it all possible.

Margo Gustina is always looking for ways to better understand the world around them — through statistics, art, community interviews. The world is complex! Even still, through diligent effort and rigorous design, Margo has implemented research with robust practical applications with increasing focus for the last decade.

Power Up Reports With Google

Webinar archive

Slides

Webinar handouts

Tuesday, September 24, 2019, 1:00-2:00 Eastern/10:00-11:00 Pacific

Presenter: Lynn Hoffman, Director of Operations, Somerset County Library System of New Jersey

Google Sheets includes a variety of lesser-known tools that can help you power up your library’s reports, including conditional formatting and basic scripting. This webinar will cover strategies and approaches you can use to automate regular reporting and analytical tasks, such as scheduling updates to data used for periodic circulation tasks, and pulling data from emailed reports into a spreadsheet. Use your new knowledge to impress your colleagues with fancy, on-demand reports.

Lynn Hoffman has worn a wide variety of hats throughout her twenty-plus year public library career, but has found her niche in administration, implementing big ideas on the front lines at the assistant director level at several large public library systems in the Midwest. She is also a self-professed data nerd and wannabe coder, and loves finding ways to make it easy for her colleagues to gain new insights from the data we already collect. Lynn is currently Director of Operations at the Somerset County Library System of New Jersey and served on the Public Library Association’s Measurement, Evaluation and Assessment Committee.

Connection Information:

You do not need to register for this free webinar. It will be recorded and the archive will be available afterward at ripl.lrs.org/webinars.

Audio will be via VOIP. You can listen to the webinar with a USB headset or your computer speakers.

In advance of the meeting, please run through the connection test:

https://na1cps.adobeconnect.com/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm

Access the meeting room online at https://enetlearning.adobeconnect.com/ripl/

Please enter your name as you log in as a guest.

Please consider logging in to the meeting 5-10 minutes in advance to make sure we can troubleshoot any technical issues, and not take time away from our session to do so.

Voter Perceptions of Libraries: Results and Methodology of the 2018 From Awareness to Funding Study

Webinar Archive

Slides

Thursday, May 23, 2019, 2:00-3:00 Eastern/11:00-12:00 Pacific

Presenters: Sharon Streams, WebJunction, OCLC, Janet Hawk, Exec. Director, Market Analysis, OCLC, Peggy Gallagher, Manager, Market Analysis, OCLC

What motivates people to vote in favor of library funding? OCLC posed this question a decade ago, which led to the 2008 report, From Awareness to Funding, which provided ground-breaking insights into voter support for libraries. Ten years later, OCLC and ALA partnered to conduct a follow-up study to understand what may have changed in voter attitudes and behaviors over the past decade. In this webinar, the OCLC research team will discuss the key results, suggest areas for action, and then will describe the methods used to create the survey, collect and analyze the survey data.

Sharon Streams joined OCLC and the WebJunction team in 2007. A graduate of Indiana University, Sharon began her career in federal financial regulation and corporate law, then returned to IU for graduate studies in the School of Library and Information Science. After moving to Washington State, she joined the publishing world, managing the book, magazine, and online publishing division of an international engineering association. As director of WebJunction since 2015, Sharon seeks ways to scale library learning and innovation that expands access to knowledge and opportunity for all. Sharon is an author of From Awareness to Funding: Voter Perceptions and Support of Public Libraries in 2018.

Janet Hawk has spent 30+ years working with libraries in the OCLC network. She’s currently Executive Director of Market Analysis and Sales Programs, leading a team of 20 professionals with a variety of roles including email marketers, proposal managers, business analysts and market researchers. Janet holds an MBA and a BS in Journalism/Public Relations. Janet has co-authored many OCLC research reports, two of which are the groundbreaking Perceptions of Libraries and Information Resources (2005) and From Awareness to Funding: Voter Perceptions and Support of Public Libraries in 2018.

Peggy Gallagher joined OCLC in 2008 to lead a team conducting market research with library users and librarians. Prior to OCLC, Peggy spent two decades in public libraries in various roles. She received her M.L.S. in 1999 and a Master’s in Marketing and Communications (M.M.C.) in 2007. At OCLC, Peggy has been involved in the publishing of several research reports including Perceptions of Libraries 2010: Context and Community; At a Tipping Point: Education, Learning and Libraries; From Awareness to Funding: Voter Perceptions and Support of Public Libraries in 2018; and most recently, US Public Libraries: Marketing and Communications Landscape.

Connection Information:

You do not need to register for this free webinar. Please note that it is limited to the first 100 participants. It will be recorded and the archive will be available afterward at ripl.lrs.org/webinars.

Audio will be via VOIP. You can listen to the webinar with a USB headset or your computer speakers.

In advance of the meeting, please run through the connection test:

https://na1cps.adobeconnect.com/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm

Access the meeting room online at https://enetlearning.adobeconnect.com/ripl/

Please enter your name as you log in as a guest.

Please consider logging in to the meeting 5-10 minutes in advance to make sure we can troubleshoot any technical issues, and not take time away from our session to do so.

DATA VISUALIZATIONS FOR DECISION-MAKING

Webinar Archive

Slides

Wednesday, March 13, 2019 at 2:00-3:00 Eastern/11:00-12:00 Pacific

Presenters: Katina Jones, Statistical Research Analyst at Mid-Continent Public Library and Lindsay Hanson, Data Analysis Librarian at Sno-Isle Libraries

As libraries become increasingly data-driven the need for useable data also expands. The process of determining what data is needed to answer a question and translating that into actionable information is complicated and has many potential pitfalls. Learn how Sno-Isle Libraries and Mid-Continent Public Library are navigating this process to create and share visualizations to inform decisions. Attendees will learn best practices for the process of turning raw data into visualizations and how to tailor them for their intended audience.

Katina Jones is the Statistical Research Analyst at Mid-Continent Public Library. She gets to spend most of her time examining statistics, demographics, and program survey results from the Library’s 35 locations to support their data-driven decision making. Prior to MCPL, she was the State Data Coordinator at the Missouri State Library, working with the IMLS and Census Bureau to collect and distribute statistics for the state. Ms. Jones received her bachelor’s degree in Applied Psychology and Social Science from Alverno College in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Lindsay Hanson is the Data Analysis Librarian at Sno-Isle Libraries, where she is responsible for managing data, evaluating public services and providing data visualizations and analyses to inform decisions. She believes that a culture of evidence-based decision making is the key to improving the efficacy of organizations and increasing the potential for community impact.

Connection Information:

You do not need to register for this free webinar. It will be recorded and the archive will be available afterward at ripl.lrs.org/webinars.

Audio will be via VOIP. You can listen to the webinar with a USB headset or your computer speakers.

In advance of the meeting, please run through the connection test:

https://na1cps.adobeconnect.com/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm

Access the meeting room online at https://enetlearning.adobeconnect.com/ripl/

Please enter your name as you log in as a guest.

Please consider logging in to the meeting 5-10 minutes in advance to make sure we can troubleshoot any technical issues, and not take time away from our session to do so.

 

The Data We Don’t Collect: How It Drives Funding Decisions By People Who Don’t Use the Library

Tuesday, November 13, 2018, 12:00-1:00 Eastern/9:00-10:00 Pacific

The webinar archive can be found here with slides available here.

Presenter: John Chrastka, Executive Director, EveryLibrary

We know from both the 2008 and 2018 iterations of “From Awareness to Funding” that the library user status of the voter does not matter on Election Day. Funding decisions for libraries are often made by voters with little-to-no familiarity with the library, or by elected officials who are themselves non-users. Our industry’s focus on measuring, understanding, and improving the user experience is well developed and robust. But we lack a consistent and disciplined approach to collecting and sharing insights about the value system of non-users. Join EveryLibrary executive director John Chrastka for an overview of the “From Awareness…” findings and participate in a discussion of how concerned library data professionals could cooperatively begin to fill in these missing data pieces.

John Chrastka is founder and executive director of EveryLibrary, the first Super PAC for libraries. Since 2012, EveryLibrary has provided pro-bono support to 77 library communities with ballot measures and tax referendum, helping win over $261 million in stable tax funding. He is a former Board president of the Berwyn (IL) Public Library and RAILS, the Reaching Across Illinois Libraries System. Prior to EveryLibrary, he was a partner in AssociaDirect, an association consultancy, and was Director for Membership Development at ALA. He was recognized by Library Journal in 2014 as a Mover & Shaker.

Connection Information:

You do not need to register for this free webinar. Please note that it is limited to the first 100 participants. It will be recorded and the archive will be available afterward at ripl.lrs.org/webinars.

Audio will be via VOIP. You can listen to the webinar with a USB headset or your computer speakers.

In advance of the meeting, please run through the connection test:

https://na1cps.adobeconnect.com/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm

Access the meeting room online at https://enetlearning.adobeconnect.com/ripl/

Please enter your name as you log in as a guest.

Please consider logging in to the meeting 5-10 minutes in advance to make sure we can troubleshoot any technical issues, and not take time away from our session to do so.

F3: Fine-Free Future

Wednesday, June 6, 2018, 2:00-3:00 Eastern/11:00-12:00 Pacific

The archive of the webinar can be found here with slides available here.

Presenters: Sarah Houghton, Director, San Rafael Public Library, Peter Bromberg, Executive Director, Salt Lake City Public Library, and Gretchen Caserotti, Library Director, Meridian Library District

     

Libraries continue to strive toward more equitable access even as many of our communities face growing income inequalityand the question of library fines has become particularly relevant. This webinar brings together three experienced library directors who have recently eliminated some or all overdue fines at their libraries to discuss the strategies they used in their communities, the arguments for and against the elimination of fines, their plans to measure impact and success, and how they communicate the issue of overdue fines as critical to any library’s mission of equal access and social equity. As part of this discussion, they will share examples of how they used data to inform their fine-elimination process.

Connection Information:

You do not need to register for this free webinar. Please note that it is limited to the first 100 participants. It will be recorded and the archive will be available afterward at ripl.lrs.org/webinars.

Audio will be via VOIP. You can listen to the webinar with a USB headset or your computer speakers.

In advance of the meeting, please run through the connection test:

https://na1cps.adobeconnect.com/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm

Access the meeting room online at https://enetlearning.adobeconnect.com/ripl/

Please enter your name as you log in as a guest.

Please consider logging in to the meeting 5-10 minutes in advance to make sure we can troubleshoot any technical issues, and not take time away from our session to do so.

 

Getting Things Done: Managing Your Time… When You Have No Time

Wednesday, January 31, 2018, 10:00-11:00 AM Mountain

The archive of the webinar can be found here with slides available here

Presenter: Shelley Walchak, Director, Pine River Library

For most people, time is a tricky concept that we can only try to control. The reality is that we cannot manage time, we can only manage ourselves, others and work. This webinar will explore various aspects of time management and discuss the work-life management system, ‘GTD’Getting Things Done. The notion of GTD is that ‘with a complete and current inventory of all your commitments, organized and reviewed in a systematic way, you can focus clearly’.

Learning Objectives:
1. Recognize time management issues
2. Learn how to work with one time management system and establish priorities
3. Assist with performance and managing stress.

 

The following topics will be covered:

  • Managing our Time – what does that mean?
  • Five time management issues
  • GTD – a time management system
  • Productive behaviors
  • Five stages of workflow

Connection Information:

You do not need to register for this free webinar. Please be aware that the capacity of the webinar room is 100 participants; get there early to get a “seat!”

Audio will be via VOIP. You can listen to the webinar with a USB headset or your computer speakers.

In advance of the meeting, please run through the connection test:

https://na1cps.adobeconnect.com/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm

Access the meeting room online at https://enetlearning.adobeconnect.com/ripl/

Please enter your name as you log in as a guest.

Please consider logging in to the meeting 5-10 minutes in advance to make sure we can troubleshoot any technical issues, and not take time away from our session to do so.

The webinar will be recorded and the archive will be available afterward at ripl.lrs.org/webinars.

Buy-In Not Opt-Out: Creating a culture for staff driven metrics

Thursday, September 28th

12:00-1:00 Mountain/2:00-3:00 Eastern

The archive of the webinar can be found here with slides available here.

Presenter: Chris Cairo

Is staff in your Library reluctant to participate in the measurement of institutional performance? Do they seem confused by the logic model and struggle to apply it to their work? Would you like Senior Staff to make data driven decisions?

Learning Outcomes

  • Learn a method for engaging staff at all organizational levels in program evaluation.
  • Improve staff analytical skills and help the entire organization, including your Board of Trustees, focus on institutional strategy.
  • Be introduced to a performance measuring system that works.

Biography

As Director of Strategic Planning and Assessment for the Indianapolis Public Library, Chris Cairo stewards the Library’s efforts for executing and completing their Strategic Plan. She has developed a systematic approach for staff engagement, data collection and reporting tools which measure progress to satisfy stakeholders. Passionate about proving the relevance of public libraries in a community, she is committed to helping libraries tell their stories with evidence.  She holds a Masters of Library Science from the University of Michigan. With 43 years of professional experience on the front lines, providing service to patrons, developing initiatives like the IMLS funded branch library located in the world’s largest Children’s Museum, and opening the award winning Learning Curve at Central Library, she has put her innovative skills to work designing models for performance assessment.

Connection Information:

You do not need to register for this free webinar. Please be aware that the capacity of the webinar room is 100 participants; get there early to get a “seat!”

Audio will be via VOIP. You can listen to the webinar with a USB headset or your computer speakers.

In advance of the meeting, please run through the connection test:

https://na1cps.adobeconnect.com/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm

Access the meeting room online at https://enetlearning.adobeconnect.com/ripl/

Please enter your name as you log in as a guest.

Please consider logging in to the meeting 5-10 minutes in advance to make sure we can troubleshoot any technical issues, and not take time away from our session to do so.

The webinar will be recorded and the archive will be available afterward at ripl.lrs.org/webinars.

Lean Six Sigma: What’s In It For You?

Wednesday, May 24th

11:00-12:00 PDT/2:00-3:00 EDT

The archive of the webinar can be found here

Presenter: Jane Martel

Are you unimpressed with the progress made when trying to improve work processes? Are you dismayed with the reactions of patrons and work colleagues to change? There really is a way to head off these common work challenges! Learn how lean six sigma (LSS) may be the answer to your working woes. Overviews of successful library LSS projects – and lessons learned – will be presented.

Learning Outcomes:

  • Distinguish between lean and six sigma as problem solving methodologies
  • Classify potential projects as appropriate for using lean, six sigma, both or neither approach
  • Identify at least one process in your organization that might benefit from the use of lean or six sigma
  • Name the rationale for each tip for success presented

Biography

As the Customer Experience Coordinator for the Arapahoe Library District in Colorado, Jane Martel designs, develops and delivers customer service training for employees and manages the patron feedback system. Drawn to the power of data and committed individuals to solve work challenges, Jane uses her certifications as a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt and Quality Process Analyst to improve internal processes for the benefit of library patrons. She holds a Master of Public Administration and Bachelor of Science in Education from the University of Maine. With 30 years of professional experience in business, government, and non-profit organizations, Jane puts her passion for process improvement, data analysis and customer service to work to ensure that the patron’s experience is nothing short of…wow!

You do not need to register for this free webinar. Please be aware that the capacity of the webinar room is 100 participants; get there early to get a “seat!” The webinar will be recorded and the archive will be available afterward at ripl.lrs.org/webinars.

Connection Information:

Audio will be via VOIP. You can listen to the webinar with a USB headset or your computer speakers.

In advance of the meeting, please run through the connection test:

https://na1cps.adobeconnect.com/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm

Access the meeting room online at https://enetlearning.adobeconnect.com/ripl/

Please enter your name as you log in as a guest.

Please consider logging in to the meeting 5-10 minutes in advance to make sure we can troubleshoot any technical issues, and not take time away from our session to do so.